filed under: economics of trails
By Bob Searns and Jeff Vogel
Communities benefit in many ways from well-planned greenways and trails.
by Robert (Bob) Searns, Owner, Robert Searns and Associates, Inc., Jeff Vogel, DHM Design
Over the past three decades, urban greenways, as a landscape endeavor have expanded explosively. According to National Geographic, more than 500 communities in North America have greenway projects in place or underway. Greenways and the greenway movement reflect an evolving centuries-old landscape form. The roots are in the European palace gardens, boulevards, parkways and axes that inspired Olmsted and other designers to create systems of parkways in the late 19th Century.
A second generation of trail-oriented recreational greenways emerged in the 1970's along rivers, streams and abandoned rail lines. A third generation emerged in the 1980's, multi-objective greenways that become infrastructure for wildlife, flood hazard reduction, water quality protection and utility ways. An emerging forth generation of greenways will express itself as regional, inter-city and inter-open space networks.
1. It will make projects more marketable. April 2000 survey of 2000 recent homebuyers (National Association of Homebuilders and National Association of Realtors) indicated walking/jogging and bike trails second from the top of the "important to very important" amenity list-- behind highway access. According to Gopal Ahluwalia, NAHB Director of Research, trails consistently rank in the top five important amenities in making purchase decisions.
A 1994 survey by American Lives, Inc. conducted for a group of large volume homebuilders showed that 77.7% of consumers surveyed ranked significant natural open space as a "must-deliver" category, 2 nd behind low traffic and quiet. Plenty of walking and biking paths ranked next highest. Buyers also said they would pay extra for "wilderness areas with the flora and fauna that existed prior to the development" --Denver Post 1/10/95
Similar surveys show property values higher in areas proximate to trails and greenways. For example 6% more near, but not immediately next to, Seattle's Burke Gilman Trail. Ken Caryl Ranch, Colorado (4145 Homes) 9000 Acre Project, 6000 set aside as open space Dozens of miles of multi-use and primitive trails Trails link to amenities and metro-wide system 7% to 15%+ lot premiums Cited in National Geographic --Sandy Rozeboom, Rose and Company
2. Trails can help increase the number of lot sales while conserving resources. Redfeather Ridge by Midfirst, Glenwood Springs, CO increased the number of sellable lots by conserving open space, providing trails and by clustering housing. Number of lots increased from 64 to 149. There are countless other examples nationwide. --Jeff Vogel, DHN Design Corporation
3. Trails can expand and diversify the golf course community market. 23% to 25% of homebuyers in golf course communities are golfers. Many are also seeking open space and outdoor recreation benefits. Both spouses make a home buying decision and only one may be a golfer. --Phone discussions with Denver-area designers Opportunity to create a multi-benefit golf course with wildlife habitat, visual benefits and conservation values.
Looking to preserve the historical aspects of the land while sustaining the natural environment, RENDEzVOUS is a prime example of integrating green areas in the master-planning phase of the project. Protecting and preserving a significant portion of the meadow made the project far more appealing to concerned citizens. The design team focused on a number of alternative residential and recreational uses, which ultimately lead to a higher marketability and overall success of the development. --Jeff Vogel, DHM Design
4. Trails help meet compliance requirements. Floodplains, floodplain storage compensation, wetlands and other types of conservation areas can be enhanced as amenities with landscaping, trails and other improvements. The Mentor Graphics office complex near Portland, OR is a good example of a wetland set aside as an amenity, increasing market value of units facing the open A number of states allow marketing of wetland areas as compensation for filled wetlands. The Metropolitan Sewerage District (Louisville, KY) is exploring the creation of flood compensation "banks" where floodplain set aside as part of a development can be marketed within the watershed to compensate loss of flood storage capacity elsewhere.
5. Trails can help reduce impact fees and exaction costs. With the growth of organized team sports there is an increasing trend toward locating sports fields in community parks, regional parks and other venues. There are also indications of a growing desire to limit "park space" in residential development to more "passive" uses such as open space, trails, greenways and small neighborhood parks. These are less costly to build and maintain. This approach may also help promote a broader financing strategy and funding source allocation for the more costly active and team sports park facilities.
6. Homebuilder and homebuyer may realize direct economic and tax benefits. "Market appreciation rates for cluster housing with associated open space can be equal to those for conventionally developed housing types." A study, in Amherst and Concord, Massachusetts, found that clustered housing with open space appreciated at a higher rate than conventionally designed subdivisions. The clustered homes in Amherst appreciated at an average annual rate of 22%, compared to an increase of 19.5% for the more conventional subdivision. The home-buyer, speaking in dollar terms through the marketplace, appears to have demonstrated a greater desire for a home with access and proximity to permanently protected land, than for one located on a bigger lot, but without open-space." --Jeff Lacy. August 1990
"An Examination of Market Appreciation for Clustered Housing with Permanently Protected Open Space." A study of the enhancement value of 8,535 acres of wetlands In Massachusetts's Charles River Basin found that properties abutting the wetlands were valued $400 more than non-abutting properties, and that each acre of wetland added $150 in value to adjacent properties. A survey of 15 appraisers and realtors yielded the estimate that each acre of wetlands contributes $480 to the value of an abutting parcel of property. --Thibodeau and Ostro (1981)
A number of communities have explored setting aside open space in a land trust. Developer may realize an upfront tax benefit for the contribution of marketable acreage and future homeowners may be able to realize a tax benefit as a result of participation in the upkeep of the open space conserved as a non-profit land trust. RENDEzVOUS project is an example. --Jeff Vogel, DHM Design
7. Trails promote physical activity, fitness, and health. Studies in association with The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention indicate that 64% of the U.S. population is clinically overweight with over 31% obese. This condition is directly tied to lack of physical activity resulting in increased heart disease, cancer, diabetes, anxiety, depression and other costly health problems.
Providing nearby trails and walkways offers a significant option for regular physical activity that can lower rates of obesity and health care costs. This strengthens the market for communities and business centers with such amenities with an anticipated growing demand by both home buyers and employers who want to reduce health care costs. --USA Today 10/9/02
Increased participation in moderate physical activity by the 88 million inactive Americans could reduce medical costs by $76 Billion --Pratt et al, 2000
8. Trails help improve a company's image. Companies that build projects with well planned and executed trail amenities, conservation and open space benefits, stand a better chance of being recognized as environmentally-friendly developers which may help facilitate and reduce public-relations costs of project approvals.
9. Trails enhance the marketability of the locale (town, city, resort destination). Pittsburgh faced with mass exodus of skilled workers and professionals after failure of steel market in late 1970's redeveloped its riverfront with trails and greenways that spun off adjacent development. It has since seen a re-emergence of its economy and has moved up in rank to one of the top 5 best cities in the U.S to raise a family (Readers Digest). Chattanooga, TN implemented a similar renaissance. --City of Pittsburgh, Mayor's Office
A 2002 reader survey by the Kansas City Star ranked creation of a regional trail and greenway network at the top of the list in 15 desired public investments over and above police buildings, zoo, stadium improvements, etc. --KC Star 1/20/2002
10. Trail and greenways tend to compete better in tight economies. During the last economic slowdown in Denver in the 1980's the most successful projects incorporated trails and greenways. Examples include Highlands Ranch, Stonegate and Green Valley Ranch that outperformed other communities in the metro area. --S. Robert August Company, Denver, CO
Trail and Greenway Tips and Emerging Issues
References
Flink, C. and Searns, R. 1993. Greenways: A Guide to Planning, Design and Development, Island Press, Washington, DC.
Flink, C., Searns, R and Olka, C. 2001. Trails for the 21 st Century, Island Press, Washington, DC.
Greer, D. 2000. "Omaha Recreational Trails: Their Effect on Property Values and Public Safety." University of Nebraska at Omaha, Recreation and Leisure Studies Program. June. http://www.americantrails.org/... haStudy.html
Lacy, Jeff. August 1990. "An Examination of Market Appreciation for Clustered Housing with Permanently Protected Open Space." Center for Rural Massachusetts Monograph Series. Amherst, Massachusetts.
Little, Charles. 1990. Greenways for America, Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore
Searns, Robert M, 1996. The Evolution of Greenways as an Adaptive Urban Landscape Form, In:
Fabos, Julius GY, Greenways the Beginning of An International Movement, Elservier Press, Amsterdam, pp 65-80.
Arendt Randall, Conservation Design for Subdivisions, Island Press, Washington, DC 1996
For more resources on the economic benefits of trails and greenways, see the Resources & Library area of www.AmericanTrails.org.
Published October 2002
Robert Searns has a four-decade history of visualizing, planning, and getting trails and greenway projects built. He was Project Director of Denver’s Platte River and Mary Carter Greenways—both national-award-wining projects. He helped plan the Grand Canyon National Park Greenway, played a key role on the Memphis Wolf River Greenway, and authored the Commerce City, CO Walk, Bike, Fit plan. He has written for Planning, Landscape Architecture, LA China, and American Trails Magazines and has served as Editor-in-Chief of Trails and Beyond Magazine. He chaired American Trails and was a founder of The World Trails Network as well as being a delegate to the America’s Great Outdoors White House conclave. His current book is Beyond Greenways: The Next Step For City Trails and Walking Routes, published in 2023 by Island Press. He resides, writes, hikes, and bikes near Denver, Colorado.
Contact: [email protected]
Jeff Vogel's career started well when, upon graduating from ASU, he was awarded the 1990 Urban Planner of the Year. From golf resorts to small mixed-use communities, Jeff's knowledge of landscape architecture and community planning is extensive. His interests have lead him to more project work in master planned communities (residential, mixed-use, and resort), where his team is focusing their efforts on offering unique places that are mindful of the environment and have lasting value.
National Park Service − Rivers, Trails and Conservation Assistance Program
This publication is designed to inform the reader about the services provided by the National Park Service – Rivers, Trails and Conservation Assistance Program.
Public Lands and the Continental Divide Trail Study
The primary goal of this study was to understand who uses the Continental Divide Trail (CDT), how they use it, their preferences, and the economic impact of the CDT in the region. Additional data were also collected regarding protecting public lands and using the Continental Divide Trail in Colorado.
2022 CDT Small Business Survey
From August to December 2021, the Continental Divide Trail Coalition surveyed 136 small business owners in 38 communities located along the Continental Divide Trail to learn more about how the Continental Divide Trail impacts their businesses, the local economy, and their support for public lands.
Improving Accessibility on Public Lands
Recommendations from American Trails
